Kingdom+Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria:  __ Listeria Monocytogenes __

Listeria Monocytogenes is the principal agent of **listeriosis**. It is caused by ingesting food contaminated with the bacterium L. Monocytogenes. This disease may affect humans and animals; the disease primarily affects pregnant women, newborns and adults with weekend immune systems. It is extremely serious and has a mortality greater than 25%. It is unlike other food born pathogens because it has the ability to grow and reproduce at proper refrigerated temperatures.
 * ** Kingdom ** || ** Eubacteria ** ||
 * ** Phylum ** || ** Firmicutes ** ||
 * ** Family ** || ** Listeriaceae ** ||
 * ** Genus ** || ** Listeria ** ||
 * ** Species ** || ** L. Monocytogenes ** ||
 * ** Binomial name ** || ** Listeria Monocytogenes ** ||

**Invasion of cells: **

Listeria Monocytogenes enters the cell by adhering to the outside of the intestinal cell in a process called D-galactose. When this bacterium enters a cell it is surrounded by the phagosome. Phagolysosme fusion occurs and the membrane is perforated by a toxin called listeriolysin O (LLO), it then disintegrates. Bacterium is free within the cytoplasm and begins to multiply within the host cell. The cells are then propelled around the intestinal cell by actin based motility. This is when there is a comet like tail at the back of the bacteria. The bacteria push into the cell membrane resulting in cell protrusion called Listeria pod. These pods are able to penetrate the neighbouring cell as well. The neighbouring cell takes in the Listeria pod by phagocytosis, this way the bacterium does not come in contact with antibodies and remains undetected. After the cell enters the second host cell it is surrounded by a double membrane. Once again it breaks through the membrane and enters the cytoplasm. The process begins again.



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When looked under a microscope L. Monocytogenes appear as small rods that occasionally form pairs or short chains. Flagella can be produced at room temperature but usually not over 37 ˚C.
 * Appearance: **



Listeria Monocytogenes is widely distribute in nature and can be found in areas where food is processed such as farm fields, vegetables, animals, food processing facilities, retail stores and even home kitchen. In the past is was thought that L. Monocytogenes was only associated with animals and less frequently with humans. It is carried within the intestinal track of 5-10% of humans without any further symptoms.
 * Where it is found:[[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3sMh31VZHMc/THigb2IFmPI/AAAAAAAAC2U/yhLhBKoPOXA/s1600/listeria_e1.jpg width="232" height="456" align="right"]] **

*people at highest risk include elderly, pregnant women and newborns. · Fever · Muscle aches · Nausea · Diarrhea · Headache · <span style="font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Stiff neck · <span style="font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Confusion · <span style="font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Loss of balance · <span style="font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Convulsions pregnant women may only experience flu-like symtoms; unfortunatly listeriosis may lead to misscariage or still birth, premature delivery or infection of the new born.
 * <span style="color: teal; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Symptoms of Listeriosis **

4 do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or eat foods that contain unpasteurized milk
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Epedemics:
===1. "In 1985, in California, 142 people developed overt listeriosis. Of these, 93 cases were perinatal, and among the 49 cases that were in non pregnant individuals, 48 were immunocompromised. Thirty fetuses or newborn infants died and 18 adults died. The source of the bacteria was a certain brand of "pasteurized" soft cheese that apparently had gotten contaminated with non pasteurized (raw) milk during the manufacturing process."=== === 2. "In 2002, a multistate outbreak of //Listeria monocytogenes// infections with 46 culture-confirmed cases, seven deaths, and three stillbirths or miscarriages in eight states was linked to eating sliced turkey deli meat. One intact food product and 25 environmental samples from a poultry processing plant yielded //L. monocytogenes//. Two environmental isolates from floor drains were indistinguishable from that of outbreak patient isolates, suggesting that the plant might be the source of the outbreak." === ===

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"Listeria monocytogenes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria
=== "Figure 1 : Listeria monocytogenes: : a multifaceted model : Nature Reviews Microbiology." Nature Publishing Group : science journals, jobs, and information. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nature.com/nrmicro ===

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=== "Listeria monocytogenes « Fire Earth." Fire Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://feww.wordpress.com/2010/01/22/listeria-suspected-cheese-recalled/listeria-monocytogenes/>. <[]> === === hyldebant. " YouTube - Intracellular Listeria Infection ." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKdwUERcV-U&feature=related>. <[]> === === junbsmt. " YouTube - Listeria and pregnancy ." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToKsfbJGWr4&feature=relate [] ===

=== microveda. " YouTube - Legionella, Listeria and Mycobacterium (haciendo lo suyo) ." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWjS3qDj6uw&feature=related [] ===