Kingdom+Protista

= Kingdom Protista: = **__ Malaria __** = (Plasmodium Malariae)  =



=**Worldwide, an estimated 200 million to 300 million malaria infections occur each year, with 2 million to 3 million deaths.**=
 * =** Kingdom **= || =** Protista **= ||
 * =** Phylum **= || =** Apicomplexa **= ||
 * =** Family **= || =** Plasmodiidae **= ||
 * =** Genus **= || =** Plasmodium **= ||
 * =** Spices **= || =** P. Malariae **= ||
 * =** Binomial Name **= || =** Plasmodium Malariae **= ||

=Invasion and Life Cycle:  = =It all starts with a single **Anopheles** mosquito that is infected with the parasite called plasmodium. When the infected mosquito bites a human to obtain a blood meal, it will inject saliva into the blood stream along with the parasite, in the form of sporozoites (motile, spindle-shaped asexual cells). Once in the blood stream the sporozoites make there way to the liver where they begin to invade calls and reproduce asexually. This asexual division is called schizogony. The sporozoites continue to divide until the liver cell can no longer support them. The division of the sporozoites are not creating more sporozoites, but in fact are creating the net generation of plasmodia’s life cycle form, called merozoites. The merozoites that were released from the liver cells begin to invade the blood stream. This time your immune system begins to kick into action. White blood cells also enter the stream, but it’s not enough to stop this parasite. Merozoites are designed to take over red blood cells. When they enter the cell they become out of reach and remain undetected from the white blood cells. Inside the blood cell the merozoites begins to enlarge as a uninucleate cell termed a ring trophozoite. This trophozoite cell begins to reproduce asexually to produce a schizont which contains several nuclei. The schizont then multiplies and produces mononucleated merozoites. The red blood cell ruptures and releases toxins throughout the body of the host. This causes fever and chills which are symptoms common for malaria. Plasmodium also has a sexual faze where the merozoites within the red blood cell form into gametocytes, which are able to form both male and female gametes. These red blood cells do not rupture; in fact they can no longer do anything within the human host. When the gametocytes are extracted by a mosquito they continue to the mosquitoes gut and form male and female gametes. The resultant diploid zygotes begin to develop within the mosquitoes intestinal walls and slowly form into oocysts. Within the oocysts divisions take place resulting in large numbers of sporozoites. The newly formed sporozoites make their way to the salivary glands of the mosquito and are ready to invade the next human victim to begin the cycle again. =

=** Anopheles ** **mosquito**- this is the only organism capable of transmitting the malaria parasite =

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=**Where is malaria found?** = =Malaria is found in most parts of the world. Examples include Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, The Indian Sub continent, South East Asia, and in The Middle East. = = = =**Who is at risk for Malaria?** =

=Anyone who lives or travels to an area with people infected with malaria.=

**Symptoms of malaria: ** The general symptoms include:  · headache   · nausea  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">fever  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">vomiting and  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">flu-like symptoms **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">These symptoms are often ignored and disregarded. Further symptoms may occur such as: ** <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">fever <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">rigors  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">headaches  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">sweating  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">tiredness  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">myalgia (limbs and back)  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">abdominal pain  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">diarrhea  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">loss of appetite  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">orthostatic hypotension  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">nausea  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">slight jaundice  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">cough  <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 6.9pt 10pt 49.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">enlarged liver and spleen (sometimes not palpable)
 * <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosis occurs by taking a blood test. **

<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">Medical treatment should be sought immediately after diagnosis

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